This particular title analyses the phenomenon of Dalit assertion that India has experienced in recent decades. Arguing that it is a part of the larger process of democratization since Independence and an upsurge from below that has constructed a new identity of the Dalit, alternative ideology of Ambedkarism and questioned the hierarchical caste structure, which has historically oppressed the former untouchables. It discusses three forms that Dalit assertion has taken: grassroots assertions, political parties, and more recently, middle-class activism. Assertion has raised political consciousness, enabled greater political participation, but not unity, and often led to violent caste atrocities against Dalits, particularly by the backward castes, in many states/regions. The nature and form of Dalit assertion has been a source of considerable controversy. While scholars have held that it has led to social deepening of democracy; questions have been raised about its role in empowering Dalits. This Short Introduction argues that the Dalit movement is in a phase of transition in which it has been able to question, with some degree of success, but not overcome upper caste domination and oppression and introduce transformation. While highlighting the achievements of Dalit assertion, this work also discusses its weaknesses, limitations, and possibilities.