Martin Carnoy is Vida Jacks Professor of Education and Economics at Stanford University, the United States. He was trained at the University of Chicago and writes on the economic value of education and the political economy of educational policy. Much of his work is comparative and international. Isak Froumin is Professor and Academic Supervisor at the Institute of Education, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia. His current key research interests are the development of higher education systems, higher education differentiation and university and school governance. Oleg Leshukov is Research Fellow at the Laboratory for Universities Development at the Institute of Education, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia. His current key research interests are development of regional higher education systems and national??regional relationships in governance of higher education. Simon Marginson is Professor of International Higher Education at the UCL Institute of Education, University College London, United Kingdom. He is also the Director of the ESEC/HEFCE Centre for Global Higher Education and Editor-in-Chief of Higher Education. He focuses on global and international aspects of higher education, system design and education and social inequality.