In the introductory chapter of this book, we have indicated the history of evolution of Integrated Iron and Steelmaking and in what steps these complexities developed. We have presented the various operating steps and arranged the chapters likewise, roughly following the flow of materials, indicating the technologies involved in these steps. We have emphasized the importance of maintenance, automation and the impact on environment due to the process steps and the ways to minimize it. Towards the end, we have tried to crystal-gaze and have tried to describe what a steel plant of twenty second century would look like. Steel, the key material for economic development. is made available in bulk quantities by large Integrated Steelworks. Making it in bulk quantities is one way of making it available at affordable prices. Those who make it in smaller quantities keep themselves viable by limitins theit inputs, process parameters, outputs, etc. thus catering to a very narrow segment of market and also they do not have Aexibility in their inputs. Forward and backward integration employed in an integrated steelworks help them in developing flexibility in all aspects without compromising in profitability. But integration of operations brings with it much higher complexities requiring a large number of complex and intricate technologies. It also requires higher levels of managerial and management skills, which we are not attempting to deseribe in this book. Thus the aspects of Financial Management, Production Management (including Production Planning and Scheduling). Operations Management, Marketing management, etc have not been covered here and we are limiting ourselves to the description of technologies and techniques required in operation. These, in themselves, are massive in number and we have attempted to give only an overview of the more important ones. And the number and complexities of technologies keep increasing day by day. By the name Integrated Steelworks' we meant,