Discovered in 1954, Lothal is an important archaeological find not only for its own antiquity and advanced civilization but also because it is a vital key to understanding the full story of the ancient Indus Civilization. The excavations at Lothal throw light on a large number of hitherto unexplained points and refute the earlier arguments that the destruction of Harappan cities was primarily due to Aryan invasion. With its unique dockyard and well-developed industries, Lothal played an important role in the Indo-Sumerian trade of the Bronze Age. In the present volume, the author, S.R.Rao (who discovered Lothal and directed the extensive excavations) gives a coherent account of the Indus and post-Indus periods for the first time. He is able to view the Indus Civilization as a whole on the Harappan substratum in the apparently unrelated chalcolithic cultures of the second millennium B.C. in India. In the words of Sir Mortimer Wheeler, “Lothal and the Indus Civilization is an essential contribution to a study of the civilization of the world as a whole”.