Traditional theory emphasized industrialization as a basic strategy of development. The Indian experience, however, shows that agricultural development of states like Punjab and Haryana enabled them to forge ahead in the race, while states like Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra made industrialization as the base of their relatively higher growth. But states like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha remained the back waters of underdevelopment despite huge public investments in basic and heavy goods industries in the public sector. this backdrop is covered by a broader view of development and economic growth in this book which focuses on the dynamics of underdevelopment and development of Uttar Pradesh relative to the Indian economy and economies of five most developed states of India.